The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. " The study of the shadow economy in modern conditions: Theory, methodology, practice," Bashlakova, Volga & Bashlakov, Henadzi, 2021.Pacific Economic Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. " Measuring the size of the shadow economy in 30 provinces of China over 1995–2016: The MIMIC approach," Hailin Chen & Friedrich Schneider & Qunli Sun, 2020.SpringerBriefs in Economics, in: Shadow Economy in Poland, chapter 0, pages 49-65, " Shadow Economy in Poland: Results of the Survey," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. " Informal we stand? The role of social progress around the world," Medda, Tiziana & Palmisano, Flaviana & Sacchi, Agnese, 2022." From Shadow to Green: Linking Environmental Fiscal Reforms and the Informal Economy," Mikel González-Eguino & Anil Markandya & Marta Escapa, 2012.60(5), pages 1033-1067.įull references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS) Revue économique, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. " Unemployment and the Shadow Economy in the oecd,"
Christopher Bajada & Friedrich Schneider, 2009." Explaining the Shadow Economy in Europe: Size, Causes and Policy Options,"
Ben Kelmanson & Koralai Kirabaeva & Jason Weiss, 2019.
Leandro Medina & Borislava Mircheva & Mr. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. " Money Laundering as a Crime in the Financial Sector: A New Approach to Quantitative Assessment, with an Application to Italy," Guerino Ardizzi & Carmelo Petraglia & Massimiliano Piacenza & Friedrich Schneider & Gilberto Turati, 2014. Journal of Applied Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. " The geography of Spanish bank branches," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. " Regional Data in Macroeconomics: Some Advice for Practitioners,"Ģ6501, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. " Regional data in macroeconomics: Some advice for practitioners," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. " Shadow Economies: Size, Causes, and Consequences," " Cash Thresholds, Cash Expenditure and Tax Evasion,"ĥ79, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance (CSEF), University of Naples, Italy. Rivista di statistica ufficiale, ISTAT - Italian National Institute of Statistics - (Rome, ITALY), vol. " Quality analysis and harmonization issues in the context of “Frame SBS”," Silvana Curatolo & Viviana De Giorgi & Filippo Oropallo & Augusto Puggioni & Giampiero Siesto, 2016. " Implications of the Expanding Use of Cash for Monetary Policy,"ġ2661, Centre for European Policy Studies. International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. " Did Prices Really Soar after the Euro Cash Changeover? Evidence from ATM Withdrawals," Paolo Angelini & Francesco Lippi, 2007. They regarded it as a slap in the face for the dilettanti and Die-hards, who replied by christening their new Warden Non-Olet. The subject had, if anything, rather recommended him to the Progressive Element. Lewis, the Warden of Bracton College is given the nickname "Non-Olet" for having written "a monumental report on National Sanitation. Scott Fitzgerald alludes to Vespasian's jest in The Great Gatsby with the phrase "non-olfactory money." The proverb receives some attention in Roland Barthes' detailed analysis of the Balzac story in his critical study S/Z. "Vespasian's axiom" is referred to in passing in the Balzac short story Sarrasine in connection with the mysterious origins of the wealth of a Parisian family. Vespasian's name still attaches to public urinals in France ( vespasiennes), Italy ( vespasiani), and Romania ( vespasiene). 
The phrase Pecunia non olet is still used today to say that the value of money is not tainted by its origins. When Titus said "No," he replied, "Yet it comes from urine" ( „Atqui ex lotio est“). The Roman historian Suetonius reports that when Vespasian's son Titus complained about the disgusting nature of the tax, his father held up a gold coin and asked, whether he felt offended by smell ( sciscitans num odore offenderetur). It was used in tanning, and also by launderers as a source of ammonia to clean and whiten woollen togas. (The Roman lower classes urinated into pots which were emptied into cesspools.) The urine collected from public urinals was sold as an ingredient for several chemical processes. Vespasian imposed a Urine Tax ( Latin: vectigal urinae) on the distribution of urine from public urinals in Rome's Cloaca Maxima (great sewer) system.
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